Rachel de Queiroz: Sertão ki Agūva aur Akademi ki Pahlī Mahilā Sadasya

Rachel de Queiroz (1910–2003) kewal ek lekhika nahin thin; vah ek prarambhik pratibha aur margdarshak thin. 20 saal ki umr mein, unhonne Brazilian Modernism ki sabse mahatvapurna pustakon mein se ek prakashit ki. Dashakon baad, vah Brazilian Academy of Letters (ABL) mein pravesh karne wali pehli mahila bani, jisse unhonne assi saalon ke tabu ko toda.

Yah lekh Ceará ki is lekhika ki yatra ki khoj karta hai, jisne ek sankshipt aur seedhi bhasha ke saath, sookhe, mahilaon ki shakti aur Brazil ki samajik virodhabhason ko chitrit kiya.

1. Jeevani: Sookhe aur Rajneeti ke Beech

Rachel de Queiroz ka janm 17 November 1910 ko Fortaleza, Ceará mein hua tha. Apni maa ki taraf se, vah anya lekhak José de Alencar ki rishtedaar thin. Unke bachpan ko bhaugolik aur jalvayu ki asthirta ne chihnit kiya: 1915 mein, ek vinaashkari sookhe ne unke parivaar ko Rio de Janeiro aur baad mein Belém do Pará mein sthanantarit karne par majboor kiya.

Prarambhik Pratibha

1930 mein, kewal 19 saal ki umr mein, Rachel ne O Quinze prakashit karke rashtriya sahitya drishya ko ashcharyachakit kar diya. Yah pustak, jab vah pulmonary congestion se ubhar rahi thin, turant desh ke dakshin mein aalochakon dwara sarahi gayi, jo us naujawan uttar-poorvi mahila ki paripakvata se prabhavit the.

Karyakartva aur Rajneeti

Rachel ka ek tivra aur vivadaspad rajnitik jeevan tha. Apni yuvaavastha mein, unhonne communism ke saath sambandh banaya aur Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) ki karyakarta thin, aur Getúlio Vargas ki tanashahi ke dauran 1937 mein giraftar bhi hui thin. Us samay, unki pustakon ko sarakaar virodhi hone ke aarop mein sarvajanik roop se jalaya gaya tha.

Halanki, dashakon ke baad, unka rajnitik sthan mul roop se badal gaya. 1964 mein, unhonne João Goulart ko hatane wale sainik takhta-palat ka samarthan kiya aur shasan ke dauran Federal Council of Culture ke sadasya bane, jisne baam panthi buddhijeeviyon ki aalochana ko aamantrit kiya.

Unhonne 4 November 2003 ko Rio de Janeiro mein 92 saal ki umr mein, apne jhule mein soote hue, ek vastavik sertaneja ki tarah, antim saans li.

2. Sahityik Shaili: 30 ka Kshetriyavaad

Rachel de Queiroz, Graciliano Ramos, José Lins do Rego aur Jorge Amado ke saath, Brazilian Modernism ki 30s ki Peedhi ke pramukh pratinidhiyon mein se ek hain.

Unki pramukh sahityik visheshtaon mein shamil hain:

• Sankshipt Bhasha: Atishay bhavukta aur anavashyak visheshan se door, unki lekhan shaili sookhi aur seedhi hai, jo sertão ke marusthal ke drishya ki nakal karti hai.

• Samajik Yatharthvaad: Uttar-Poorv ke liye asamantaon, bhookh aur sarkari udasinata ki ninda.

• Mahila Pradhan: Unki rachnaon mein lagbhag hamesha shaktishali mahilaen hoti hain, jo pitrisattaak pitri-pradhan bhumika ko chunauti deti hain (Conceição, Maria Moura, Dôra).

• Mukhikta: Vishesh roop se unki kronikals mein (unhonne hazaron likhi), Rachel pathak ke saath kaan mein baat karne ka andaaz rakhti thin.

3. Pramukh Rachnaen aur Saraansh

O Quinze (1930)

Unhein prasiddh karne wala pehla upanyas.

• Saraansh: Katha mein do dhure hain. Ek taraf, Chico Bento aur unke parivaar ki kahani, jo 1915 ke sookhe se bhag rahe hain, bhookh aur maut ka samna karte hue sharanarthi camp tak ki yatra mein. Doosri taraf, Conceição ki kahani, ek shikshit aur avivahit shikshika jo sharanarthiyon ki madad karne ke liye samarpit hai aur apne chachere bhai Vicente, ek gramin zameendar ke saath prem sambandh mein ek dilemma ka anubhav karti hai.

• Visheshata: Samajik rivaj ke liye vivah karne se Conceição ka inkaar us samay ke liye krantikari tha.

As Três Marias (1939)

Ek mahila ka vikas upanyas (Bildungsroman).

• Saraansh: Yah teen saheliyon — Maria Augusta, Maria da Glória, aur Maria José — ki bachpan se ek convent mein aur vayask jeevan tak ki kahani batata hai. Pustak shahari samaj mein mahilaon ki nirashaon, vivahon, kaam aur pehchaan ki khoj ko vyakt karti hai.

Memorial de Maria Moura (1992)

Unki paripakvata ki shreshth rachna, jab lekhika 81 saal ki thin tab prakashit hui.

• Saraansh: 19vein shatabdi mein sthapit, yah Maria Moura ki kahani batata hai, ek yuva mahila jo apni maa ko khone aur zameen chaahne wale chacheron dwara dhamki diye jaane ke baad hathiyar uthati hai. Vah bandookdhariyon ka ek samooh ikattha karti hai, apne farm ko majboot karti hai, aur ek bhaybheet aur sammanit neta ban jati hai, jo ek "coronel" ki tarah kaam karti hai.

• Mahatva: Shakti, zameen aur pratishodh par ek mahakavya. Yah television par bahut safaltapoorvak anukoolit kiya gaya tha.

Any Shailiyan

• Natya: A Beata Maria do Egito (1958).

• Kronika: 100 Crônicas Escolhidas (1958) – Rachel ek upajaoo kronikista thin, jo dashakon tak O Cruzeiro patrika aur O Estado de S. Paulo akhbaar ke liye likhti thin.

4. Mahatva, Puraskar aur Pratishtha

Rachel de Queiroz ek purn pravartak thin. Unka prabhav sahitya se pare hai aur mahilaon ke adhikaaron ke itihas mein baudhik sarvajanik sthan mein pravesh karta hai.

Akademi ki Vijay

4 August 1977 ko, Rachel ko Brazilian Academy of Letters ki Cadeira nº 5 ke liye chuna gaya, jisse vah fardão pahanne wali pehli mahila bani, ek aise vatavaran mein jo 80 saalon se keval purushon ka tha.

Pramukh Puraskar:

• Prêmio Fundação Graça Aranha (1930): O Quinze ke liye.

• Prêmio Machado de Assis (1957): ABL dwara pradan kiya gaya, rachnaon ke samuh ke liye.

• Prêmio Camões (1993): Portuguese bhasha ka sabse mahatvapurna puraskar. Rachel yah puraskar prapt karne wali pehli mahila thin.

Samman aur Sandarbh

• Manuel Bandeira ne unhein kavitaen samarpit ki, unhein "Ceará ka prashansa" kaha.

• Graciliano Ramos, jo ek kathor aalochak ke roop mein jaane jaate hain, ne jab O Quinze prakashit hua tha, tab uski satyata ki sarvajanik roop se prashansa ki.

• Unki rachnaon ka German, French, English aur Japanese mein anuvaad kiya gaya.

Sandarbh Granth

Vishvasniyata sunishchit karne aur gehrai ki anumati dene ke liye, nimnalikhit sroton ka upyog karen:

1. BOSI, Alfredo. História Concisa da Literatura Brasileira. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2006. (Modernism ke liye sandarbh).

2. HOLLANDA, Heloisa Buarque de. Rachel de Queiroz. Rio de Janeiro: Agir, 2005. (Jeevani aur aalochanaatmak vishleshan).

3. QUEIROZ, Rachel de. O Quinze. 85. ed. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 2012.

4. ACADEMIA BRASILEIRA DE LETRAS. Perfil da Acadêmica Rachel de Queiroz. Uplabdh: [sandigdh link hataya gaya].

5. ENCICLOPÉDIA ITAÚ CULTURAL. Rachel de Queiroz. Uplabdh: enciclopedia.itaucultural.org.br.